Narrative distance

Here's another snippet from The Pool Party. Where do we start to get information about how Rudy is feeling?

Rudy was in the kitchen slapping together a sandwich for his older sister, Estela. He owed her a favor. She had promised to do more yard work if he sneaked into the house to make a sandwich.

"Make it thick," Estela had told Rudy. "Three slices of bologna and some cheese."

Rudy layered the sandwich with only one slice of bologna, tomato, and potato chips. When he pressed his palm against the sandwich, the chips crunched. He liked that sound, and liked how the sliced tomato would bleed a faint pinkish juice. He peeked into the sandwich. The bologna looked like a tongue wagging at him.

The Pool PartyGary SotoSource

Rudy was in the kitchen slapping together a sandwich for his older sister, Estela. He owed her a favor. She had promised to do more yard work if he sneaked into the house to make a sandwich.

"Make it thick," Estela had told Rudy. "Three slices of bologna and some cheese."

Rudy layered the sandwich with only one slice of bologna, tomato, and potato chips. When he pressed his palm against the sandwich, the chips crunched. He liked that sound, and liked how the sliced tomato would bleed a faint pinkish juice. He peeked into the sandwich. The bologna looked like a tongue wagging at him.

The Pool PartyGary SotoSource

Rudy was in the kitchen slapping together a sandwich for his older sister, Estela. He owed her a favor. She had promised to do more yard work if he sneaked into the house to make a sandwich.

"Make it thick," Estela had told Rudy. "Three slices of bologna and some cheese."

Rudy layered the sandwich with only one slice of bologna, tomato, and potato chips. When he pressed his palm against the sandwich, the chips crunched. He liked that sound, and liked how the sliced tomato would bleed a faint pinkish juice. He peeked into the sandwich. The bologna looked like a tongue wagging at him.

The Pool PartyGary SotoSource

Rudy was in the kitchen slapping together a sandwich for his older sister, Estela. He owed her a favor. She had promised to do more yard work if he sneaked into the house to make a sandwich.

"Make it thick," Estela had told Rudy. "Three slices of bologna and some cheese."

Rudy layered the sandwich with only one slice of bologna, tomato, and potato chips. When he pressed his palm against the sandwich, the chips crunched. He liked that sound, and liked how the sliced tomato would bleed a faint pinkish juice. He peeked into the sandwich. The bologna looked like a tongue wagging at him.

The Pool PartyGary SotoSource

Structure

Distance

Notice

Which of these devices do we see in this orc siege example?

Garath-ek stood at the mouth of the sewer. The arsonists, led by Varguk Xog, had, under cover of acid smoke, driven a trolley of explosives to the entrance and triggered a detonation so great it tore out the iron bars along with a fair amount of the surrounding wall.

"There's your entrance," Varguk had told Garath-ek, dusting off his ears. "But I expect they'll know we're coming."

Garath hefted his axe and stepped inside, sniffing for men. The tunnel dripped and trickled and glistened with pooled filth. Garath-ek smelled rot, decay, and disease—and a sprinkle of rat and roach—but no humans. He grinned. He enjoyed this part of any battle, the anticipation of finally meeting your enemy face to face.