Lesson overview

Introduction
UNIVERSAL
Middle years and up
complex sentences
sentence construction
analysing sentences
grammar
clauses
event structure
main clauses
subordinate clauses
supporting clauses
embedded clauses
relative clauses
participle clauses
infinitive clauses
question word clauses
wh-clauses
vivid detail
reasons
conditions
qualifiers
indirect description
indirect speech
reported speech
clause components
metalanguage
functional grammar
ambiguity
language about language
clause complexes
subject
verb group
complement
modifier
description
timing
aspect
continuous action
completed action
passive voice
active voice
implicit subjects
relative pronouns
prepositional phrases
cause and effect
describing thoughts
describing feelings
describing perceptions
reliability
evidentiality
compound complex sentences
In this lesson, we take a look at the most mind-bending sentence type: complex sentences. We start the lesson by looking at sentences in terms of events, and show that a complex sentence is one where there is a hierarchy of events—a main event, and a supporting event which adds more detail. We then look at different kinds of supporting clauses (participle '-ed' and '-ing' clauses, infinitive 'to' clauses, and question word clauses), and different effects these clauses create in writing, such as creating vivid detail, giving reasons and conditions, qualifying the unknown, and describing the world indirectly through reported speech, thoughts, and perceptions. Throughout the lesson, we refer to the grammatical features and structures of complex sentences, including using clause components, as an analytical tool to understand the pros (efficiency, vivacity, and unique functions) and cons (potential for unwieldiness and ambiguity) of complex sentences.